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Fungal Nail Infections
The Ultimate Guide
Fungal nail infections are common conditions affecting the toenails. These infections occur when fungi, such as dermatophytes, yeasts, or moulds, invade the nail plate, nail bed, or the surrounding skin.
What are Fungal Nail Infections?
Fungal nail infections, medically known as onychomycosis, are common conditions affecting the toenails. These infections occur when fungi, such as dermatophytes, yeasts, or moulds, invade the nail plate, nail bed, or the surrounding skin. The condition often begins as a white or yellow spot under the tip of the toenail and, as the infection progresses, it can lead to thickening, discolouration, and crumbling of the nail. Fungal nail infections can affect one or several toenails and are more prevalent in older adults, those with weakened immune systems, or individuals with underlying health conditions such as diabetes.
Symptoms and Causes
The primary symptoms of a fungal nail infection include discolouration of the toenail, which may turn white, yellow, brown, or even black. The nail may become thickened, brittle, and crumbly, often causing discomfort or pain, especially when wearing shoes. In some cases, the infected nail may separate from the nail bed (onycholysis), leading to a build-up of debris under the nail and emitting an unpleasant odour.
Fungal nail infections are primarily caused by fungi that thrive in warm, moist environments, such as public swimming pools, showers, and locker rooms. The infection can be spread through direct contact with an infected person or contaminated surfaces. Wearing tight, non-breathable footwear, having sweaty feet, or having minor skin or nail injuries can increase the risk of developing a fungal nail infection. People with conditions that impair circulation, like diabetes, or who have a weakened immune system are particularly susceptible.
Management and treatment
Managing and treating fungal nail infections can be challenging due to the slow growth of toenails and the resilience of the fungi. Treatment typically involves a combination of topical and oral antifungal medications, as well as preventative measures to avoid reinfection.
Over the Counter Topical Treatments:
Antifungal nail lacquers or creams can be applied directly to the affected nail. These treatments are usually more effective for mild infections and must be used consistently for several months to achieve results, but often don’t penetrate deep enough without nail debridement. Medicated nail softeners, which help to dissolve the infected part of the nail, may also be recommended in conjunction with topical antifungals.
Oral Antifungal Medications:
For more severe infections, oral antifungal medications such as terbinafine or itraconazole may be prescribed. These treatments work by attacking the fungus from within, promoting the growth of a new, healthy nail. However, oral medications can have side effects and require monitoring by a healthcare professional.
Lacuna Method:
The Lacuna Method is a method for treating fungal nail infections. It involves the drilling of tiny micro holes into the nail plate so anti-fungal preparations applied can penetrate through the nail and get onto the nail bed - where the active portion of the infection lies.
Preventative Measures:
To prevent fungal nail infections or reinfection, it is important to maintain good foot hygiene. This includes keeping the feet clean and dry, wearing breathable shoes and socks, and avoiding walking barefoot in communal areas. Regularly disinfecting shoes and using antifungal powders can also help reduce the risk.Fungal nail infections can be persistent and may take several months to clear, even with treatment. If left untreated, the infection can spread to other nails or skin and may lead to more severe complications, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems. Therefore, early intervention and consistent treatment are crucial for managing this condition effectively.